Looking at the crash log it shows that the line that causes the crash is this one (from the xNode asset):
XNode.NodeGraph graph = AssetDatabase.LoadAssetAtPath (assetpath, typeof (XNode.NodeGraph)) as XNode.NodeGraph;

This is inside a class derived from AssetModificationProcessor, in the OnReloadEditor method.
I've added logs around that line, and it seems that the asset that causes the issue is the same file every time. However, sometimes it actually succeeds in processing that asset without any errors. The asset also loads properly in Unity (regardless of whether the error occurs or not) and works fine. So it doesn't seem that there's any issue with the asset itself.

I'm having the same issue even after upgrading to Unity 2023.2.20, which suggests that the error is not fully fixed.

On my computer (and two others with the same project), at some point the error starts to show every 40 seconds or so, along with Unity taking up 30GB every time (which really hurts performance). The issue does not go away even on restarting Unity, but does go away for a couple of days (though sometimes less - even just a couple of hours) on 'Reimport all', which suggests that the source of the error is that something causes the asset database to become corrupted.

I believe I have more info on the cause of this here: https://forum.unity.com/threads/constant-unexpected-transport-error-from-import-worker-errors.1546922/

Same here! Supper annoying! Happens almost every 50 seconds.
I think it's related to Project Settings -> Editor -> Asset Pipeline - Parallel Import setting.

Happens even more aggressively in Unity 2023.2.9f1 and 2023.2.10f1.