Reproduction steps:
1. Open the attached “repro-project“
2. Open the Assets/Scenes/SampleScene.unity scene
3. In the Hierarchy select the “Image“ GameObject (child GameObject of the “Canvas“ GameObject)
4. In the Inspector window click the Overrides drop-down menu
5. Select the “Vertical Layout Group” component
6. In the “Added“ pop-up select Apply > Apply to Prefab ‘Image'
7. In the “Can’t add component“ pop-up click “OK”
8. In the “Fatal Error!“ pop-up select “Quit“
9. Observe the crash

Reproducible with: 2022.2.4f1, 2022.3.0f1, 2023.1.0b19, 2023.2.0a17
Not reproducible with: 2020.3.48f1, 2021.3.26f1, 2022.2.3f1, 2023.2.0a22

Reproduced on: Windows 10 Pro, Windows 11 (by reporter)

Note: If the crash does not reproduce after performing the steps repeat steps 4 - 7 a few times

First few lines of the stack traces:
{{0x00007ff6c513ae42 (Unity) core::Join<core::basic_string<char,core::StringStorageDefault<char> > & __ptr64,char const (& __ptr64)[2],core::basic_string_ref<char> > }}
{{0x00007ff6c5170dc2 (Unity) GUIView::ProcessInputEvent }}
{{0x00007ff6c514ec0f (Unity) ExecuteCommandOnAllWindows }}
{{0x00007ff6c5608dca (Unity) UndoManager::SyncAfterUndo }}
{{0x00007ff6c5605d52 (Unity) UndoManager::RevertAllInCurrentGroup}}

{{0x00007FF83E1FCF19 (KERNELBASE) RaiseException
0x00007FF62CE60CFE (Unity) LaunchBugReporter}}
{{0x00007FF6385B2053 (Unity) EditorMonoConsole::LogToConsoleImplementation
0x00007FF6385B28F3 (Unity) EditorMonoConsole::LogToConsoleImplementation
0x00007FF6392812BF (Unity) DebugStringToFilePostprocessedStacktrace
0x00007FF639280A1D (Unity) DebugStringToFile
0x00007FF6373F66A6 (Unity) MemoryManager::OutOfMemoryError}}