Steps to reproduce:
1. Open the attached project and make sure code stripping is disabled (Strip Engine Code setting in Player Settings > Other Settings)

2. Export gradle project

3. In UnityPlayerActivity.java override cmd line args (required to crash handler changes in trunk)

```

protected String updateUnityCommandLineArguments(String cmdLine)

{       return "-androidChainedSignalHandlerBehavior legacy"; }

```

4. Build and run from Android Studio on Android <8 device
5. Click the "ForcedCrashCategory.AccessViolation"
6. After application has crashed, check the logcat for "Code Stripping" entries

Expected: Code stripping is reportedly off, when it's off
Actual: Code stripping is reported as on, despite being off

Reproduced on: 2021.2.15f1, 2022.1.0b11, 2022.2.0a9

Reproduced on devices:
VLNQA00011 - Xiaomi Mi 5s (MI 5s), CPU: Snapdragon 820 MSM8996, GPU: Adreno 530, OS: 6.0.1
VLNQA00078 - Motorola Nexus 6 (Nexus 6), CPU: Snapdragon 805 APQ8084AB, GPU: Adreno 420, OS: 7.1.1
VLNQA00010 - Samsung Galaxy S8 USA (SM-G950U), CPU: Snapdragon 835 MSM8998, GPU: Adreno 540, OS: 7.0.0

Note1: Mono is not using code stripping, therefore reported as off
Note2: Android 8+ devices no longer are able to add extra lines to the tombstone
Note3: Happens with both ARMv7 and ARM64, and developer/release modes