Reproduction steps:
1. Open users attached project
2. Navigate to Edit > Project Settings > Player > Other Settings
3. Change Managed Stripping Level to Low
4. Go to File > Build Settings and press Build And Run
5. Open the Player.log file and observe the errors
6. Change Managed Stripping Level to High
7. Repeat 4-5 steps

Expected result: Visual Scripting is maintain similar levels of functionality with all Managed Stripping Level levels
Actual result: Visual Scripting components are stripped thus causing its functionality to fail

Reproducible with: 1.7.6 (2021.2.19f1), 1.7.7 (2021.3.1f1), 1.8.0-pre.1 (2022.1.0f1, 2022.2.0a11)
Couldn't test with: 2019.4.38f1, 2020.3.34f1 (Visual Scripting not supported)