Steps to reproduce:
1. Open attached “Collider2DPosition.zip” Unity project
2. Open “Main” scene
3. Select “Collider2D” object in Hierarchy
4. Observe “Collider2D” object’s Box Collider 2D outline in Scene view

Expected results:
Collider2D gizmo always matches the position of the object
Actual results:
Collider2D gizmo position does not match the updated object’s transform position and lags behind by one frame

Reproduced in: 2018.2.0a2, 2018.1.0b9, 2017.3.1p3, 2017.2.2f1, 2017.2.0a1
Didn’t reproduce in: 2017.1.3p2, 2017.1.0a1
Regression introduced in: 2017.2.0a1

Note: Issue is present with every type of 2D collider components

By design:
This gizmo shows the real shape positions which aren't immediately changed when the transform changes but is actually updated during the simulation step.
Call Physics2D.SyncTransforms() to force synchronization in outside Play mode in script with [ExecuteInEditMode] attribute.