An onParticleCollision callback by itself doesn't cause the issue. This code caused no issues:

void OnParticleCollision(GameObject other) {
List<ParticleCollisionEvent> collisions = new List<ParticleCollisionEvent>();
ps.GetCollisionEvents(other, collisions);
foreach (ParticleCollisionEvent c in collisions) {
PlayHitSound(c.intersection);
DamageDestroyables(other.GetComponentInParent<Destroyable>(), c.intersection);
}
}

Further down the chain, DamageDestroyables() led to this:

damageParticles.transform.position = location;
//damageParticles.Play();

The commented out line is what caused the stack overflow. Changing that to:

if (!damageParticles.isPlaying) damageParticles.Play();

...Did not help anything. Still a stack overflow.

I'm getting the same thing with a project that was previously working (5.3.2-something). I'm using an "OnParticleCollision" callback to determine when a bullet hits a player and it causes a series of StackOverflowException errors with no extra information. The editor also freezes as in this description.