Reproduction steps:
1. Open the attached project.
2. Open the "scene" scene.
2. Remove and attach the "Sample" script from the "GameObject" gameobject.
3. Build and run the scene for iOS.
4. Click on the "Test1" Button.
- Application crashes.

Reproduced with:
5.5.0f1, 2017.2.0b1
iOS(Il2CPP, Mono (Different call stacks))
iPadAir 2 iOS 9.2

Not reproducible with:
Android (IL2CPP and Mono)

IL2CPP:
frame #0: 0x0000000100105d20 ProductName`CrashedCheckBelowForHintsWhy() at CrashReporter.mm:101 [opt]
frame #1: 0x0000000100370f80 ProductName`RuntimeInvoker_Void_t1517619649_RuntimeObject_RuntimeObject(methodPointer=<unavailable>, methodMetadata=<unavailable>, obj=<unavailable>, args=<unavailable>)(), MethodInfo const*, void*, void**) at Il2CppInvokerTable.cpp:11783 [opt]
frame #2: 0x00000001011cee3c ProductName`il2cpp::vm::Runtime::CallUnhandledExceptionDelegate(Il2CppDomain*, Il2CppDelegate*, Il2CppException*) + 108
frame #3: 0x00000001011cedbc ProductName`il2cpp::vm::Runtime::UnhandledException(Il2CppException*) + 116
frame #4: 0x000000010092fa98 ProductName`::Invoke() at ScriptingInvocation.cpp:342 [opt]
frame #5: 0x0000000100bae858 ProductName`::MonoBehaviourDoGUI() [inlined] Invoke at ScriptingInvocation.h:71 [opt]
...

Mono:
frame #0: 0x000fa8a8 ProductName`CrashedCheckBelowForHintsWhy() at CrashReporter.mm:101 [opt]
frame #1: 0x0058e35c ProductName`m_wrapper_managed_to_native_UnityEngine_UnhandledExceptionHandler_NativeUnhandledExceptionHandler_string_string_string at UnityEngine.CoreModule.dll.s:20591
frame #2: 0x0058e284 ProductName`m_UnityEngine_UnhandledExceptionHandler_HandleUnhandledException_object_System_UnhandledExceptionEventArgs at UnityEngine.CoreModule.dll.s:20556
frame #3: 0x012bd3a0 ProductName`m_wrapper_delegate_invoke_System_UnhandledExceptionEventHandler_invoke_void__this___object_UnhandledExceptionEventArgs_object_System_UnhandledExceptionEventArgs + 188
frame #4: 0x012b5974 ProductName`m_wrapper_runtime_invoke_object_runtime_invoke_dynamic_intptr_intptr_intptr_intptr at mscorlib.dll.s:354349
frame #5: 0x02557294 ProductName`mono_jit_runtime_invoke + 2156
...

Note:
Full call stack attached in the edit.