How to reproduce:
1. Open the attached “BuildFailedWithHighStripping.zip” project
2. Open the “SampleScene” Scene
3. Open Edit > Player Settings… > Player > Other Settings
4. Set “Managed Stripping Level” to “High”
5. Build the project

Expected result: Build is successful
Actual result: Build fails

Reproducible with: 2021.2.9f1, 2022.1.0b5
Not reproducible with: 2022.2.0a1
Could not test with: 2019.4.35f1, 2020.3.27f1 (Error in the Console “Assets/Scripts/Init.cs(297,23): error CS0012: The type 'ReadOnlySpan<>' is defined in an assembly that is not referenced. You must add a reference to assembly 'System.Memory, Version=4.0.1.1, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=cc7b13ffcd2ddd51’.”

Notes:
- Builds successfully when Managed Stripping Level is set to something then than “High”
- Builds successfully with Mono

Errors:
/Applications/2022.1.0a16_603c2cfd9276/Unity.app/Contents/il2cpp/build/deploy/il2cpp --convert-to-cpp --assembly=Library/Bee/artifacts/MacStandalonePlayerBuildProgram/ManagedStripped/UnityEngine.UnityAnalyticsModule.dll --<...>

Error: IL2CPP error (no further information about what managed code was being converted is available)
System.AggregateException: One or more errors occurred. (Value cannot be null. (Parameter 'definition'))<...>