Reproduction steps:
1. Open the attached project ("1266041.zip")
2. Open "CrashScript.cs"
3. Select "CrashPrefab" in Assets so that its properties would be shown in the Inspector Window
4. In "CrashScript.cs" comment/uncomment "public" access modifier before "anyVariable"
5. Click on "CrashPrefab" once again to initiate recompilation and redraw Inspector Window

Reproducible with: 2020.2.0a17, 2020.2.0a20, 2020.2.5f1
Not reproducible with: 2018.4.26f1, 2019.4.7f1, 2020.1.1f1, 2020.2.0a16

First lines of the stacktrace:
0x00007ff68b357295 (Unity) ModuleMetadata_CUSTOM_GetModuleIncludeSettingForObject
0x000001fde73b5e77 (Mono JIT Code) (wrapper managed-to-native) UnityEditor.ModuleMetadata:GetModuleIncludeSettingForObject (UnityEngine.Object)
0x000001fde73b5dab (Mono JIT Code) UnityEditor.InspectorWindowUtils:IsExcludedClass (UnityEngine.Object)
0x000001fde73a9c7b (Mono JIT Code) UnityEditor.UIElements.EditorElement:HeaderOnGUI ()
0x000001fde53f5850 (Mono JIT Code) UnityEngine.UIElements.IMGUIContainer:DoOnGUI (UnityEngine.Event,UnityEngine.Matrix4x4,UnityEngine.Rect,bool,UnityEngine.Rect,System.Action,bool)

Notes:
- Doesn't reproduce on a GameObject
- Doesn't reproduce on any redraw, seems like it has to add or remove a serialized property. For example if a Debug.Log line would be included somewhere in the script, it would have no issue redrawing the Inspector Window
- Reproducible on Windows, OSX