Reproduction steps:

1. Create a New Project
2. Save the Scene and add it to "Scenes in Build"
3. Exit Unity
4. Use Command Line Arguments to build your project in batch mode

Expected Result: The project builds successfully
Actual Result: The project fails to build for certain build targets

Using: "-batchmode -*BuildTarget* "C:\Users\*user*\Downloads\Project\build\test.exe" -logFile "C:\Users\*user*\Downloads\Project\build\test.txt" -projectPath "C:\Users\*user*\Downloads\Project" -quit" (Doesn't create a log file)

(Works / Doesn't work)
2018.2.0a1 (92aabfd9c02a) - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2018.1.0b7 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.1p1 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0b1 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0a7 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0a5 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0a4 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0a3 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0a2 (ac2998c658b0) - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0a2 (fa0da2bd5a61) - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.3.0a1 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.2.1p4 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
2017.1.3p1 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx
5.6.5p1 - NULL / win64, win32, osxUniversal , osx64, osx

Using: "-batchmode -*BuildTarget* "C:\Users\*user*\Downloads\Project\build\test.exe" -projectPath "C:\Users\*user*\Downloads\Project" -quit"

2018.2.0a1 (92aabfd9c02a) - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2018.1.0b7 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.1p1 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0b1 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0a7 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0a5 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0a4 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0a3 - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0a2 (ac2998c658b0) - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0a2 (fa0da2bd5a61) - win64, win32, osxUniversal / osx64, osx
2017.3.0a1 - win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx / NULL
2017.2.1p4 - win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx / NULL
2017.1.3p1 - win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx / NULL
5.6.5p1 - win64, win32, osxUniversal, osx64, osx / NULL

Note:
Use "...\test.app" for MacOS builds